Abstract

Tremendous progress has been made in the past century in biological sciences thanks to technological advances in experimental and measuring techniques. As was the case for physics and chemistry in the previous century, biological sciences are at a critical juncture where further advancements depend and rely crucially on the development of now quantitative tools. Mathematics will inevitably play a crucial role during the processes while biology comes increasingly more quantitative as a scientific discipline. Bio-ions and biomolecules are essential in performing biological functions in living organisms. The understanding of their roles in nerve and physiological functions has fundamental importance, as demonstrated by several Noble prize winning researchers since the prize was established.