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New research : Mars to lose its largest moon, Phobos, but gain a ring

New research : Mars to lose its largest moon, Phobos, but gain a ring

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Long, shallow grooves lining the Martian moon Phobos are probably early signs of structural failure that will ultimately destroy it, scientists say. Orbiting a mere 3,700 miles (6,000 kilometers) above Mars, Phobos is closer to its planet than any other moon in the solar system. Mars’ gravity is drawing in Phobos, the larger of its two moons, by 2 cm, a little under an inch, per year.

Long, shallow grooves lining the Martian moon Phobos are probably early signs of structural failure that will ultimately destroy it, scientists say.

Orbiting a mere 3,700 miles (6,000 kilometers) above Mars, Phobos is closer to its planet than any other moon in the solar system. Mars’ gravity is drawing in Phobos, the larger of its two moons, by 2 cm, a little under an inch, per year. 

Scientists expect the moon to be pulled apart in 30 to 50 million years.

“We think that Phobos has already started to fail, and the first sign of this failure is the production of these grooves,” said Terry Hurford of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.

The findings by Hurford and his colleagues were presented Nov. 10 at the annual Meeting of the Division of Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society at National Harbor, Md.

Phobos’ grooves were long thought to be fractures caused by the impact that formed a huge crater called Stickney. That crash was so powerful it almost shattered Phobos. But scientists eventually determined that the grooves don’t radiate outward from the crater itself but from a point nearby.

More recently, researchers have proposed that the grooves may instead be produced by many smaller impacts of material ejected from Mars. But new modeling by Hurford and colleagues supports the view that the grooves are more like “stretch marks” that occur when Phobos gets deformed by tidal forces.

The gravitational pull between Mars and Phobos produces these tidal forces. Earth and our moon pull on each other in the same way, producing tides in the oceans and making both planet and moon slightly egg-shaped rather than perfectly round.

The same explanation was proposed for the grooves decades ago, after the Viking spacecraft sent images of Phobos to Earth. At the time, however, Phobos was thought to be more-or-less solid all the way through. When the tidal forces were calculated, the stresses were too weak to fracture a solid moon of that size.

The recent thinking, however, is that the interior of Phobos could be a rubble pile, barely holding together, surrounded by a layer of powdery material about 330 feet (100 meters) thick.

“The funny thing about the result is that it shows Phobos has a kind of mildly cohesive outer fabric,” said Erik Asphaug of the School of Earth and Space Exploration at Arizona State University in Tempe and a co-investigator on the study.

An interior like that of Phobos can distort easily because it has very little strength and forces the outer layer to readjust, the researchers said. They think the outer layer behaves elastically and builds stress, but is weak enough that these stresses can cause it to fail.

All of this means the tidal forces acting on Phobos can produce more than enough stress to fracture the surface, they argued. Stress fractures predicted by this model line up very well with the grooves seen in images of Phobos, they added. This explanation also fits with the observation that some grooves are younger than others, which would be the case if the process that creates them were continuing.

The same fate may await Neptune’s moon Triton, which is also slowly falling inward and has a similarly fractured surface, the scientists said. The work also has implications for planets in other solar systems, according to researchers.

“We can’t image those distant planets to see what’s going on, but this work can help us understand those systems, because any kind of planet falling into its host star could get torn apart in the same way,” said Hurford.

Cite This Article as
Leo Karl, "New research : Mars to lose its largest moon, Phobos, but gain a ring", MachPrinciple, December 09, 2015, https://machprinciple.com/post/New-research-Mars-to-lose-its-largest-moon-Phobos-but-gain-a-ring

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